陕西商洛市山阳县中村中学涂书芳
近几年各省市继续增加了对虚拟语气的考察,这里结合日常教学对虚拟语气的知识予以小结,并结合近几年的高考试题予以专项训练,以提高学生后期的复习效率。
一、虚拟语气定义
用来表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望建议,假设的语气叫虚拟语气。
二、虚拟语气在if条件句中的构成
现在虚拟:(从句)Ifdid/were,(主句)would/could/should/might+V.(原)
过去虚拟:Ifhaddone,would/could/should/might+have+p.p.
将来虚拟:1.Ifdid/were,would/could/should/might+V.(原)
2.Ifshoulddo,would/could/should/might+V.(原)
3.Ifweretodo,would/could/should/might+V.(原)
e.g.与现在相反:
IfIhadHIV,IwouldknowbecauseIwouldfeelsick.
与过去相反:
IfIhadtakenyouradvice,Iwouldn’thavemadeamistake.
与将来相反:
Ifweplaneditproperlyandcouldborrowthetools,Ithinkwecoulddoit.
三、if条件句虚拟语气中的三种特别情况
1.假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致,叫做错综条件虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而定。
Iftheweatherhadbeenfiner,thecropswouldbegrowingbetter.
Ifyouhadfollowedtheteacher’sadvice,youwouldn’tbeinthehospital.
2.假设条件虚拟倒装。条件从句中有should,were,had三个助动词可以把if省略,并将这三个词提至句首。
IfIwereyou,Iwouldgiveitup.
WereIyou,Iwouldgiveitup.
Ifitwerenotforyouradvice,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.
Wereitnotforyouradvice,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.
3.without和butfor和otherwise构成虚拟(相当于if的条件句虚拟)。
Withoutsunlight,people’slifewouldbedifferentfromtoday.
Butforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavefinishedthework.
Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.
Butforwater,itwouldbeimpossibletoliveinthedesert.
四、虚拟语气特殊句型
1.wish+宾语从句:
现在:过去时(did/were);过去:过去完成时(haddone);将来:would/could/might+V.。
e.g.IwishIwereabird.(现在)
IwishIhadn’tmadesuchamistake.(过去)
Wewishourparentswouldn’tpunishus.(将来)
2.wouldratherthat宾语从句:现在虚拟用一般过去时,将来虚拟用一般过去时,过去虚拟用过去完成时。
e.g.Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.(现在)
Iwouldratheryouhadgone,too.(过去)
Don’tcome.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.(未来)
3.asif/though+从句:现在虚拟用一般过去时did/were;过去虚拟用过去完成时haddone。
e.g.Shelovesthebabyasifitwereherownson.
Itseemsasifitwerespring.
Helooksasifheweredrunk.
Irememberthewholethingasifithadhappenedyesterday.
Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.
4.It’s(about/high)time+that定语从句中虚拟语气:用过去时did/shoulddo。
e.g.It’shightimethatyouwenttoschool.
It’shightimethatyouweregoing.
It’shightimethatweshouldstartdinner.
It’stimethatweshouldgotobed.
A.I’ddecideB.IdecidedC.IdecideD.I’mdeciding
5.表示要求,命令,建议的虚拟语气。
一个坚持:insist
两个命令:order,command
三个要求:demand,require,request
四个建议:advise,suggest,propose,recommend
这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法。即从句中的动词使用should+动词原形,或者将should省略。
e.g.TheysuggestedthatI(should)sticktomydesign.
HeinsistedthatI(should)beonthespot.
Thekingorderedthattheprisoners(should)bekilledthenextday.
Theyrequestedthatwe(should)sendthemtoworkplace.
应注意:当insisit表示坚持的是“事实或基本是实事实”时;当suggest“当暗示、表明”时,不用虚拟语气。(不存在假设了,就没有虚拟了)
e.g.TheyallinsistTomiscorrect.
Wadeinsistedthathereturnedmymoney.
Heryawnsuggestedthatshewassleepy.
Hissilencesuggestedheagreedwithmydecision.
6.以上动词对应的名词构成的名词性从句(包括主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)也要运用虚拟语气,这些词主要有:order,advice,suggestion,proposal,demand,request,desire等。
e.g.It’ssuggested/orderedthattheplanbecarriedout.(主语从句)
Itissignificantthatthetroopsshouldgoaheadtothevalley.(主语从句)
Mydemand/suggestion/orderisthatsheshouldapologizetoTomatonce.(表语从句)
Allofusarefortheadvicethatthechemicalfactoryshouldbecloseddown.(同位语从句)
7.Ifonly…(要是…就好了)对现在虚拟用过去时,对过去虚拟用过去完成时构成,对将来虚拟用情态动词的过去式+do。
e.g.IfonlyIknewhisname!
Ifonlywehadfollowedyouradvice!
IfonlyIcouldseehimagain!
8.How的感叹句使用虚拟语气,时态同wish的,ifonly的变化一样,即HowIwish+从句!
e.g.HowIwishIwereastronghawkinthesky!
HowIwishIhadnotdonethat!
HowIwishIcouldbeadmittedintoBeijingUniversitythisyear!
综上所看,我认为虚拟语气虽然对很多学生来说比较难理解,但是只要熟悉以上句子结构和句式类型,理解它的特点,就能够准确得分。一般来说完成虚拟语气习题用以下步骤:
1.首先判断是否虚拟,即动作预计要发生,还是已经发生为事实了;
2.其次判断虚拟类型,属于条件句或是四大名词性从句或是其他的特别句式;
3.最后判断虚拟动作发生的时间,是虚拟过去、现在还是将来。从而应用相应的句式及时态。